Health care reform to address access Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Health care reform to address access - Essay Example Nevertheless, it will enhance access to affordable healthcare for children, cancer patients, and underserved communities, through drug discounts propelled by 340B programs. Moreover, the legislation stands to improve the quality and efficiency of healthcare by availing medical services to all individuals in America and especially those who have joined Medicare and Medicaid. There will also be sustainable efforts to improve the delivery of care and support research, which will inform clients on issues relating to patient outcomes, and patient models will be developed and distributed. Health care practitioners and patients residing from rural areas will recognize the tremendous improvements together with advancements in payment accuracy. In addition, there will be improvements in access to innovative medical therapies through innovation and biologics price competition. With the establishment of the legislation, FDA will be in a position to license biological products that are shown to be either biosimilar or interchangeable to reference product (Kaiser, 2014). The basic values that underlie the approach to solving the access to health care problems include; focusing on provisions to expand medical cover for individuals and families in the United States, enacting measures to control health care and related medical costs to make it affordable to all individuals in America, and continuous improvement health care delivery system. The stated values do not align to any specific political perspective, but instead touch on the health benefit of every American citizen. As a policy maker, I would use the following approach to ensure success, establishment of market reforms, creating of insurance market places, and expansion of Medicaid programs (Healthcare.gov., 2014). This is because; every state requires compliance with market reforms to ensure access to cover for young adults, provision of

Why Teens Cant Sleep Essay Example for Free

Why Teens Cant Sleep Essay Warren Zevon, American songwriter and musician, once said, â€Å"I’ll sleep when I’m dead.† Ironically, sleep is one of the basic functions of life we need to survive. Teenagers take a good night’s sleep for granite, often skipping it for a variety of reasons. However, the body will never be at its peak performance without a good night’s rest. Due to other after school activities, responsibilities, or habits teenagers find themselves in circumstances where they are up late at night missing out on hours sleep. Some of these circumstances that cause sleep deprivation are out of a teen’s control, while others are not. When sports coaches schedule practices late in the evening this often means teens are not going to get a good night’s sleep. This situation is clearly out of a teen’s control as they must respect their coach’s decision. In the beginning of November, the Middletown Football team held a meeting to talk about our practice in preparation for the last game of the season. Because the last football game stretches two weeks into the winter sport season those playing a winter sport and football, such as myself, had to attend both of their practices. Coach Donahue, the football coach, arranged for me to attend wrestling at 2:30pm to 5:30pm then go to football practice 6pm to 8pm. I would not get home until 8:30pm. After eating dinner and finishing homework I was in bed by 11pm. It was then my responsibility to wake up at 5:30am to prepare for school and do it all over again. Having practice scheduled late in the evening deprived me of hours of sleep and it showed as I woul d find myself a sleep during my classes. In addition to late sports practices, a teenager’s part-time job also can lead to sleep deprivation. Some teenagers rely on their job to help support their family or save to support themselves later in college. My best friend, Ylexis, has a part-time job at the Middletown Galleria AMC. She took this job because she needs the money for college. On a regular basis her shift adviser will schedule her to work after school at 4pm to 8pm. She complains to me all the time in the most vitreous tone that she does not get enough sleep because when she gets home she is responsible for preparing dinner for her younger siblings. After completing her homework she is normally in bed at 10pm or later. Because this job deprives her of time she needs to sleep, Ylexis has talked about quitting then taking a year off after high school to work for college.  Perhaps the most common reason for sleep deprivation in teens is also the one in their control: procrastination. Teens tend to put off major assignments that are not due the next day. My friend Jose is a great example. Jose is the biggest Call of Duty fan I have ever known, and it hurt him tremendously in the grade book. He told me when Call of Duty Modern Warfare 3 was released, he played online until 1am. As Jose was going to sleep for the night he remembered a two page essay due the next day in Psychology class. Jose scrambled to put what he could together, constructing his essay until five in the morning. Upon turning in the essay the teacher told Jose he looked as though he were going to fall out from exhaustion. Jose received a D- on his essay, and he regrets ever having purchased Call of Duty. There are a variety of circumstances, some in a teen’s control and others that are not, that could cause sleep deprivation. Whether it be a sport, a job, or a bad habit it is vital a teenager get an ample amount of sleep. Sleep is needed to keep the body working efficiently. I do not envy anyone who is caught in all these situations at one time.

Carotenoid Profiles in Pandan Leaves

Carotenoid Profiles in Pandan Leaves Introduction Pandan Leaves In Indonesia, people are familiar of using several herbal leaves for special purposes especially for condiments to act as natural colorants or natural flavors to improve color and flavors in food e.g. pandan leaves (Figure 1). Pandan leaves (Pandanus amaryllifolius Roxb) have been used in cooking and also as traditional herbal treatment for several illnesses in South East Asia Countries (Wongpornchai, 2004). Figure 1. Pandanus amaryllifolius Roxb. Classification of Pandan leaves are bellow Kingdom:  Plantae Subkingdom:  Tracheobionta Super Division: Spermathophyta Division: Magnoliophyta Class:  Liliopsida Subclass:  Arecidae Ordo:  Pandanales Famili:  Pandanaceae Genus:  Pandanus Species:  Pandanus amaryllifolius Roxb. There are several herbs that have been investigated contain expressive amounts of several bioactive compounds which can decrease ageing and also prolong life span and living organism (Ferrari, 2013). Natural products, including essential oils and extracts are the main source of biologically active compounds that can give benefit for human health (Fernà ¡ndez-Garcà ­a et al., 2012). Many people said that pandan leaves are vanilla of the east since it is commonly used in several foods with the vanilla like aroma (Comax Flavors, 2011). The genus name Pandanus is derived from the Indonesian name of the tree, pandan. In several Asia countries, pandan leaves, names given include pandan wangi (Malaysian), daun pandan (Indonesian), bai toey or toey hom (Thai), taey (Khmer), tey ban, tey hom (Laotian), dua thom (Vietnamese), and ban yan le (Chinese) (Wongpornchai, 2004). The distribution of pandan leaves is found over Southern India, the Southeast Asia peninsular, Indonesia and Western New Guinea (Wongpornchai, 2004). The plants grow in clumps and have thin and sharp leaves at the edge where the form is like sword, fragrant odor. Pandan leaves, commonly known as pandan, are often used to give a refreshing, fragrant flavor to both sweet and savoury South-East-Asian dishes (rice, chicken, jellies, drinks, puddings, custard or sweets). Pandan leaves are also used in cooking ordinary non-aromatic rice to imitate the more expensive aromatic Basmati and Jasmine rices (Nor, Mohamed, Idris, Ismail, 2008). Since the flavour of pandan leaves is similar to that possessed by some famous aromatic rice varieties, the leaves often find their way into the rice pot to enhance the aroma of lesser rice varieties. By increasing the aroma in lesser rice varieties, it can increase the consumer acceptance by enhance the flavour perception in customer where the non-aromatic rice has similar flavour with the aromatic rice e.g. Basmati and Jasmine rice. Flavour perception is interesting subject. The flavour of food is ultimately a product of the brain. The brain combines sensory information from taste, smell and touch to generate our perception flavour, and how it does this is currently a hot topic in psychology and neuroscience (Stevenson Richard, 2013). The study of the mechanism of important flavour during cooking rice is quite comp lex, where the absorption of important flavour by rice in both optimal and excess water cooking was highly dependent on the presence of water, moisture content of rice, water to rice ratio, starch gelatinization process as well as temperature and time of cooking (Yahya, 2011). Rice grains with the popcorn like fragrance are very popular among several Asian countries. In particular, Basmati in India and Pakistan; Khao Dawk Mali 105 in Thaliand, Pandan rice in Indonesia are very popular (Bryant McClung, 2011; Kawakami et al., 2009). These aromatic rice are more expensive and also more valuable than non aromatic one. Since fragrant rice is very expensive and pandan leaves that have aromatic rice like flavour. Nowadays, since the interest of customer flavour companies have come out with a number of mimetic rice flavour oils. 2-Acetylpyroline (2 ACPY) as one of the main compounds in rice also will give the popcorn like aroma like fragrance (F. Yahya, Fryer, Bakalis, 2011). Because of that, nowadays the encapsulated process of pandan aroma had been developed. Spray drying is the most common and cost effective way to perform encapsulation of flavors. The encapsulated flavour of pandan leaves by using gum Arabic and maltodextrin had been developed (Kawakami et a l., 2009). Pandan leaf extract has been used for food industries as dye materials, and also soya beverage and coconut milk. As a traditional herbal this leaves are generally used for traditional medicine especially to encounter the typhus illness in Indonesia (Roosita, Kusharto, Sekiyama, Fachrurozi, Ohtsuka, 2008). The effect of antimicrobial effect of pandan leaves has been investigated on the preservation of stored milk (Khusniati Widyastuti, 2008). Sometime, pandan leaves are also used to wrap food for cooking, such as chicken wrapped in pandanus leaves and are neatly folded into small baskets for filling with puddings and cakes (Wongpornchai, 2004). The leaves are sometimes also can be put into frying oils to impart flavour to fried food. Pandan extracts also capable of retarding oxidation in palm olein during deep frying process than as effectively other antioxidant which is BHT (Butyl Hydroxy Toluene). In sensory evaluation, the extract also was able to maintain sensory quality of French fries. The delightful flavour characteristic from pandan leaves, which is well-known throughout the world as an important component in Asian cookery, has made the industrial production of both natural extracts and artificial flavourings containing green food colors for use as food additives in Southeast Asian countries enlarge during the past two decades). Like other green leafy vegetables, pandan leaves are also known as potential source of several lipophilic antioxidant e.g. ÃŽ ²-carotene, vitamin E, phenolic compounds, ascorbic acid (Isabelle et al., 2010; Lee, Su, Ong, 2004). Leafy vegetables are nutrients dense sources. They possess antioxidant activity and thus have the potential to be used as cheap natural sources for reducing cellular oxidative damage and reduce degenerative conditions such as cardiovascular diseases and cancers. The consumption of several leafy vegetable are encouraged enough to fulfill nutrient especially in developing countries (Uusiku et al., 2010). Investigation of nutritional value of plants are essential especially to develop strategies to promote the utilization, cultivation and commercialization on these sources of nutrients which could be promoted a new source and other developing countries to assist in promoting biodiversity and combating malnutrition (Schà ¶nfeldt Pretorius, 2011; Uusiku et al., 2010). The delightful flavor characteristic from pandan leaves, which is well-known throughout the world as an important component in Asian cookery, has made the industrial production of both natural extracts and artificial flavorings containing green food colors for use as food additives in Southeast Asian countries enlarge during the past two decades (Wongpornchai, 2004). Pandan leaves which is known as one aromatic plants has been used in several Southeast Asia countries to confer aroma and flavors in several traditional food. Application of pandan leaves flavor have been used in rice, where rice-starch coating containing natural pandan extract produced non-aromatic rice with aroma compounds similar to that of aromatic rice (Laohakunjit Kerdchoechuen, 2007). Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction from pandan leaves also have been investigated as a novel applications in food flavorings (Bhattacharjee, Kshirsagar, Singhal, 2005; Laohakunjit Noomhorm, 2004). Nowadays pandan leaves have been investigated also as waste treatment. The performance of extracted pandan leaves was investigated towards treatment of textille wastewater by using flocullation process (Ngadi, N. , Yusoff, 2013). This give such a promissing to develop several process by using natural source e.g. pandan leaves for several purposes. Carotenoids The color of food is perhaps the first attribute that consumers assess when determining the quality and appearance of a product, and therefore conditions its acceptability. Color becomes a measure of quality and also an indication of deterioration. More than 700 naturally occurring carotenoids have been identified (Britton et al., 2004). Carotenoids are widely distributed whereas C40 isoprenoid pigments with polyene chains contain up to 15 conjugated double bonds. They furnish flowers and fruits with distinct colors (e.g., yellow, orange, and red), which can attract pollinators In addition carotenoids play important roles in photosynthesis, light harvesting, and prevention of photooxidative damage (Britton et al., 2004). Carotenoids can be classified as carotenes (oxygen-free; e.g ÃŽ ²-carotene) and xanthophylls (oxygen-containing; e.g. lutein, zeaxanthin, neoxanthin, violaxanthin, and antheraxanthin (Fig. 2). Fig. 2. Chemical structures of selected carotenoids The polyene chain of carotenoids is responsible for the color of plants and fruits. The length of the chromophore influences the color, for example from the colorless phytoene, via the orange color of ÃŽ ²-carotene to the red of capsaxanthin (due to the increasing number of double bonds). Besides the color, the polyene chain is responsible for the instability against several environmental factors e.g. oxidation, heat and light or oxidizing chemical (Britton et al., 2004). Carotenoid pigments are group of bioactive compounds that are of interest to the food scientists, nutritionists and food industries due to their positive impact on human health and their economic benefits. Carotenoids are responsible for the attractive color of most fruit and vegetables, having diverse biological functions and activities. An extensive number of factors determine the efficient incorporation of these phytochemicals from the diet In particular, an interest in increasing the consumption of carotenoids has been evident since the health effect of carotenoids, e.g. ÃŽ ²-carotene consumption reduces the incidence of some types of cancer, and further evidences were obtained in subsequent studies (Britton et al., 2004). In animals, carotenoid pigments have several important biological activities from nutritional and physiological standpoints. Animals and humans cannot synthesize carotenoids de novo although they can metabolize some of them into vitamin A (retinol). Approximately 10% of carotenoids meet the main structural requirement for acting as vitamin A precursors, i.e., contain a ÃŽ ²-type non-substituted ring, being ÃŽ ²-carotene and ÃŽ ²-cryptoxanthin the most representatives (Fernà ¡ndez-Garcà ­a et al., 2012; Rodriguez-Amaya, 2010). The extensive presence and distribution of carotenoids in nature, where mainly are found in fruits and vegetables (foods that occupy or should occupy an important place in our diet), make carotenoids with provitamin A activity the most important source of retinol. Some groups of people, the vegetarians, even depend almost exclusively on fruits and vegetables as a source of retinol in the form of its precursors. In mammals, therefore, the unique and important b iological function of carotenoids with retinol equivalence is their role as vitamin A precursors, which is necessary for vision, growth, cell differentiation, and other physiological processes (Fernà ¡ndez-Garcà ­a et al., 2012). Data published in the study â€Å"Global prevalence of vitamin A deficiency in populations at risk 1995–2005† published by the World Health Organisation in 2009, indicate that 190 million preschool-age children and 19.1 million pregnant women had levels of serum retinol less than 0.7 ÃŽ ¼mol/L, which is the lower limit of normal, and below which is considered a state of vitamin A deficiency. The deficient population is distributed in countries whose gross domestic product (GDP) is less than US$15,000 and in those with 92% of the worlds population (WHO, 2005). Fortification in several foods is one alternative for reducing the vitamin A deficiency (VAD) Unfortunately, in developing countries e.g. in Indonesia potential knowledge to find indigenous plant resources to fulfill provitamin A requirement as essential nutrition have not established enough. Vitamin A deficiency (VAD) is one of major public health concern in Indonesia. Lack of intake of Vitamin A can cause this VAD and other degenerative disease (Fernà ¡ndez-Garcà ­a et al., 2012). Several biochemical studies have proved that intake of sufficient carotenoids may give a protective effects from several diseases e.g. cancer, cardiovascular disease, cataracs, etc (Melà ©ndez-Martà ­nez, Vicario, Heredia, 2007). In Indonesia, several program have been developed to give sufficient intake of pro vitamin A e.g. fortification in several in foods, supplementation and diversification of food which mean finding a new potential provitamin A source (S. G. Berger, de Pee, Bloem, Halati, Semba, 2007; de Pee, West, Muhilal, Karyadi, Hautvast, 1995; Muslimatun et al., 2001; Robert Karyadi, 1988; Wieringa et al., 2003). The vitamin A capsule distribution program in Indonesia was more widely expanded in the 1980s to overcome VAD. Indonesia has one of the strongest vitamin A capsule distribution program for child survival and the intended coverage is for all infants 6-12 months and all preschool children 12-59 month of age. Universal periodic vitamin A supplementation is known as an effective intervention to increase child survival in Indonesia as one of developing country (S. G. Berger et al., 2007). Giving vitamin A to children with measles, serious malnutrition, diarrhea, or other illnesses protects a gainst death and blindness. Besides supplementation, another effort to overcome VAD is fortification. Fortification of foods commonly consumed by children is a viable strategy in developing countries. Margarine, dairy products, sugar, wheat flour, and monosodium glutamate (MSG) have been fortified with vitamin A in different countries. Finally, diversification of vitamin A rich food or provitamin A rich foods is another approach to overcome VAD (Pollard Favin, 1997). Learning from several developed countries, food fortification program has proven an effective and low-cost way to increase the micronutrient supply and reduce the consequences of micronutrient deficiencies. It has been rarely used in the developing world, but general conclusions can be drawn. The biological efficacy, but not the effectiveness, of fortifying oil and hydrogenated oil products as well as cereal flours and meals with vitamin A has been shown. Sugar has been fortified with vitamin A in Central American countries for years, and biological efficacy and program effectiveness are well established. Efficacy of fortifying monosodium glutamate with vitamin A was demonstrated but a program has not been established (Dary Mora, 2002). Fortification with vitamin A in the developing world should satisfy certain elements for success. Firstly, a potential food matrix a food regularly consumed, produced by a few centralized factories, without sensorial changes compared with the nonfortified equivalent, and nutrient remains bioavailable and in a sufficient amount) is required. Second, fortified foods should provide at least 15% of the recommended daily intakes for the target group (e.g., individuals consuming the lowest amount of the fortified food). Third, voluntary fortification of processed foods should be regulated to prevent excessive consumption of vitamin A. Forth, the neighboring countries should harmonize technical standards, facilitate compliance and minimize conflicts over global trade laws. Fifth, a practical monitoring system should be instituted. Six, Social marketing activities should be permanent and aimed at industry, government and consumers. Seven, food fortification should be combined with other stra tegies (e.g., supplementation) to reach those not adequately covered by fortification alone. Infants and small children, whose dietary habits differ from those of adults, require special attention. Fortification of food commodities is a very attractive and economic way to prevent and control vitamin A deficiency. Effective food fortification might make supplementation of postpartum women and older children unnecessary (Dary Mora, 2002). Norisoprenoids Degradation of carotenoids yield to apocarotenoids which can exhibit powerful aroma properties (Winterhalter Rouseff, 2002). Examples of volatile breakdown products of carotenoids are compounds with 13, 11, 10 or 9 carbon atoms, and the terminal group of their carotenoid parent as illustrated in Fig.3. Fig. 3. (a) Formation of (i) 2,2,6-trimethylcyclohexene-1-one, (ii) ÃŽ ²-cyclocitral, (iii) dihydroactinidiolide/ DHA and (iv) ÃŽ ²-ionone from ÃŽ ²-carotene; (b) Chemical structures of carotenoid derived aroma compounds with the megastigma structure The C13 compounds are the most abundant carotenoid derived aroma components in nature. They can be divided into: (1) compounds with the megastigmane structure, including the families of ionones and damascones with oxygen at C9 position in ionones or at C7 as in ÃŽ ² -damascenone and (2) compounds with the megastigmane structure without oxygen in the lateral chain, e.g. megastigma-4,6,8-triene (Winterhalter and Rouseff, 2001). 2,2,6-Trimethylcyclohexen-1-one, ÃŽ ²-cyclocitral and dihydroactinidiolide (DHA) are examples of C9, C10, C11 norisoprenoids, respectively (Winterhalter and Rouseff, 2001). Carotenoid derived aroma compounds are wide spread in nature where they occur in: (1) leaf products e.g. tea and tabbacco; (2) fruits e.g. grapes, starfruit, quince, and citrus fruits; (3) vegetables e.g. spinach, tomato, melon; (4) spices e.g. saffron, red pepper, and also in essential oils e.g. Osmanthus fragrans, Boronia megastigma, Rosa damascena (Winterhalter Rouseff, 2002). Several carotenoid derived aroma compounds are extremely powerful, e.g. the fruity signature of ÃŽ ²-ionone is recognizable even at concentrations as low as 0.007 ppm, and the rose and raspberry-like aroma of ÃŽ ²-damascenone is recognizable at even lower concentrations of 0.002 ppm (Winterhalter Rouseff, 2002). Volatiles in plants can be beneficial for humans. Recently, damascenone as one of norisoprenoids and related compounds were identified as potential cancer prevention phytochemicals. It was found that these compounds can both up-regulate the phase 2 cytoprotective enzymes and inhibit the induction of pro-inflammatory enzymes (Gerhà ¤user et al., 2009). The damascones and related species showed significantly higher activities than ionones and their derived compounds. Besides damascenone, ÃŽ ²-ionone has been shown to hold potent anti-proliferative and apoptosis induction properties in vitro and in vivo (J.-R. Liu et al., 2004). These results showed that the enzymatic reaction products of carotenoids have a good positive effect for human health that very promising for future application. HS-SPME for Flavor Analysis One of the primary goals in flavor research is to identify several flavor constituent in various sources (Linskens, 1996). The characterization of aroma compounds from natural sources is still a challenge despite the sophisticated techniques now available (Roe, 2005). Flavor components are usually present in a very low concentration (ppm or ppb). In addition, they have a wide range of polarity, solubility, volatility, and thermal and pH stability. The sources may be very complex and cause interference with the isolation techniques. Therefore, there is no single and simple method for the identification of aroma compounds from several natural sources (Roe, 2005). In order to study the flavor, it is first necessary to isolate volatiles from the complex non volatiles material. There are several methods for analysis of volatile constituent in plants and always have been developed from time to time for their efficiency and reproducibility. One of the other popular methods for analysis of volatile constituents in plants are headspace sampling techniques. Headspace sampling is probably the easiest way to capture and detect aroma compounds, since they exist in the space above the sample (Roe, 2005). It is simple and convenient and it has been used for all kinds of materials. It is especially useful for several sources that give of a lot of odor such as flowers and fruit. For samples that do not have odors, gentle heating can be accepted to help the release of volatiles. Due to the fact that these techniques detect highly volatiles compound, these techniques can be used to help to identify compounds that may be hidden in solvent peaks in liquid extra cts. The advantages examples are: (1) simple and quick; (2) solventless technique; (3) low amount of sample; (4) no artifacts are formed and no contaminants introduced (Roe, 2005). Some disadvantages of these techniques as examples are: (1) relative concentration of component in headspace does not reflect the concentration in the sample due to the difference in volatility of aroma compound. This methods can be classified to: (1) static headspace sampling where the sample is put into a sealed headspace vial and left to equal and atmosphere above the sample and (2) dynamic headspace where method the volatiles above the sample are swept away by carrier gas, onto a trap such as TENAX (Roe, 2005). The headspace volatiles are purged by air or nitrogen and are trapped by adsorption on porous polymer traps. Various trapping materials have been used such as charcoal, the Porapak series, the Chromosorb series, and Tenax. In a second step the volatiles are recovered by solvent or heat desorpti on (Linskens, 1996). Sorptive techniques allow rapid and solvent less extraction and pre-concentration of aroma compounds. They are based on the partitioning of organic components between aqueous or vapour phase and thin polymeric films (Roe, 2005). This technique group includes SPME (Solid Phase Microextraction), HSSE (Head Space Sorptive Extraction) and SBSE (Stirrer Bar Sorptive Extraction). SPME has been widely used a fused silica fibre coat with polymer film to collect the volatiles from the sample. In the mean time range of polar, non-polar and mixed fibers are available in the market. The fibre is inserted within a needle which is placed into a SPME holder for sampling and desorbing purposes. The sample is placed in a SPME vial then sealed by a septum cap. Mechanism for Enzymatic Formation of Norisoprenoids Carotenoid derived aroma compounds can be formed via an enzymatic or chemical degradation. The primary oxidative unspecific cleavage can be initiated by peroxides, photo-oxidation, or by thermal degradation (Winterhalter Rouseff, 2002). The specific enzymatic degradation of carotenoids is catalyzed by CCDs (Carotenoid Cleavage Dioxygenases) and leads to the production of particular carotenoid derived aroma that are more environmental friendly which is suitable to the green technology approach. CCDs have the capability to cleave a broad spectrum of carotenoids, leading to the production of carotenoid derived aroma compounds e.g. tomato, maize, rose (Huang, Horvà ¡th, et al., 2009; Simkin, Schwartz, Auldridge, Taylor, Klee, 2004; Vallabhaneni, Bradbury, Wurtzel, 2010) In rose, CCD has the potential to cleave different substrates specifically at 9,10 (9`-10`) double bonds (Fig. 6) (Huang et al., 2009). Fig.4. Cleavage sites and volatile reaction products of recombinant RdCCD1 enzymes from Rosa damascena Aims The aim of this research is to investigate the carotenoid profiles in pandan leaves, the flavor compounds which is derived from carotenoids and the mechanism of flavor compounds from carotenoids in pandan leaves. The results from this research could be useful for studying the chemical and biochemical characteristics of flavor formation from carotenoids in model plant e.g. pandan leaves. In detail the objectives of the research are explained point by point bellow : Characteristic of carotenoids in pandan leaves by RP-HPLC (Reversed Phase High Performance Liquid Chromatography) Characteristic of flavor profile in pandan leaves by HS-SPME GC-MS (Headspace Solid Phase Microextraction Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrophotometry) Carotenoid Cleavage Activities by crude enzymes from Pandan Leaves including the characterization of enzyme activity in different carotenoid substrates, optimum pH and optimum temperature. References Baldermann, S. (2008). Carotenoid oxygenases from Camellia sinensis, Osmanthus fragrans, and Prunus persica nucipersicaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¯: kinetics and structure. Gà ¶ttingen: Cuvillier. Baldermann, S., Kato, M., Kurosawa, M., Kurobayashi, Y., Fujita, A., Fleischmann, P., Watanabe, N. (2010). Functional characterization of a carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase 1 and its relation to the carotenoid accumulation and volatile emission during the floral development of Osmanthus fragrans Lour. Journal of Experimental Botany, 61(11), 2967–77. doi:10.1093/jxb/erq123 Baldermann, S., Mulyadi, A. N., Yang, Z., Murata, A., Fleischmann, P., Winterhalter, P., †¦ Watanabe, N. (2011). Application of centrifugal precipitation chromatography and high-speed counter-current chromatography equipped with a spiral tubing support rotor for the isolation and partial characterization of carotenoid cleavage-like enzymes in Enteromorpha compressa . Journal of Separation Science, 34(19), 2759–64. doi:10.1002/jssc.201100508 Baldermann, S., Naim, M., Fleischmann, P. (2005). Enzymatic carotenoid degradation and aroma formation in nectarines (Prunus persica). Third International Congress on Pigments in Food Third International Congress on Pigments in Food, 38(8–9), 833–836. doi:10.1016/j.foodres.2005.02.009 Bechoff, A., Dhuique-Mayer, C., Dornier, M., Tomlins, K. I., Boulanger, R., Dufour, D., Westby, A. (2010). Relationship between the kinetics of ÃŽ ²-carotene degradation and formation of norisoprenoids in the storage of dried sweet potato chips. Food Chemistry, 121(2), 348–357. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2009.12.035 Behrendt, D. (2011). Directed Evolution of Arabidopsis thaliana Carotenoid Cleavage Dioxygenase 1. RWTH Aachen University. Berger, R. G. (2009). Biotechnology of flavours—the next generation. Biotechnology Letters

Mass Customization and Global Logistics :: Economics Business Custom Essays

"Mass Customisation is - the customisation and personalisation of products and services - for individual customers at a mass production price. So, what does mass customisation mean for manufacturers and retailers? Simply this, that there’s money to be made and customer satisfaction to be achieved by allowing the buyer to customise his or her own purchases by choosing the size, colour and style from a predetermined, often extensive, list of ‘options’. The ultimate goal is to manufacture on a mass scale, retain or improve the margins associated with mass production, and supply a final product that meets each buyer’s individual desires. Apparel captures a major share of mass-customised products, but the concept stretches far beyond a single industry — to furniture, automobiles, eyeglasses, aeronautics, Barbie dolls, computers and so on. For the manufacturer, mass customisation offers an advantage because it differentiates his product from that of his competitors. It enables him to charge a premium for allowing his customer the ‘privilege’ to specify the final details of his purchase. Moreover, it allows the consumer to ‘buy in’ emotionally to the purchase, thereby reducing the risk that he will return the product he’s purchased — forcing the manufacturer to restock or mark down, or even worse scrap, the item. Success in mass customisation is achieved by producing items quickly; therefore it is critical for the manufacturer to find ways to reduce product development cycles whenever possible. In 2002. Fortune Magazine, and many other worldwide publications, proclaim: "You will have it your way". Mass customisation has come full circle. Allow us to provide our definition of mass customisation. It is the opportunity created by taking an otherwise standard product or service and modifying it to meet the unique requirements and choices of a single individual. Mass customisation provides uniqueness and freedom of choice; perfect fit with multiple options; fair, competitive cost; single-piece production; timeliness; quick-to-market; and, very importantly, the consumer is involved throughout the process. A compelling aspect of mass customisation is that it meets diverse objectives. The customer desires uniqueness; freedom of choice; perfect fit or form; fair, competitive cost. The manufactures want to differentiate from their competitors, to improve profit margins and to reduce risk and returns. Retailers want to sell products at higher profit margins, to provide product variety and choice for the customer and to minimise the inventory risk. Today’s customer for mass customisation tends to address the desires of more affluent people, those, for example, who can afford a custom-built yacht, expensive vehicle or a special item of clothing, but that situation is changing fast. Tomorrow’s opportunity for mass customisation will, in my view, be quite literally everybody for everyone; whether rich or poor, the desire for choice and

Haverwood Furniture Essay

Haverwood Furniture, Inc. Q1 How would you characterize the HH wood Furniture Industry? †¢Haverwood L Room & Bedroom †¢Haverwood has own sales force 10 sales/ 2 Reg †¢Upholstered 50%/ Wood 40% †¢Total Ind Sales 3 Mil †¢Top 10 Wood Manu = 1/3 of total sales †¢Asia imports driving down prices (BPuerto) †¢US Manu downsized – 100 Manu †¢$15 million sales = 6% mkt share †¢Hwood uses 1000 specialty style (Selective distribution) †¢Gallery concept prevalent †¢Do not have full line in all retailers †¢Do not have galleries in all retailers Q2 How do consumer buy? †¢94% enjoy shopping †¢Lack confidence about quality or evaluating price †¢95% get redecorating ideas from Mag. †¢84% believe higher price = higher quality †¢72% browse even when not buying †¢Rely on sales people for ideas but want to be left alone to shop †¢85% read ads before shopping †¢Difficult to select styles Attributes †¢Styling/Design (1) †¢Brand Name/Image (5) †¢Price (4) †¢Construction Quality/workmanship (2) †¢Store Quality/Image (3) Buying Decision †¢Joint decision †¢Difficult – guidance †¢Little Knowledge Q3 What is the role of Marketing Communications †¢Consumer advertising oinforms about styles, arrangements oEmphasize Quality oDevelops â€Å"share of mind† †¢Company Salespeople oSell thru as much of line as possible oSell-develop rapport oTraining retail sales people – product quality %& feature oBuild enthusiasm w/ RSP o100% sales time †¢Trade Advertising oPoint of purchase – anything that goes on at the time of sale oBrochure take away †¢Cooperative Advertising oGiven by the retailer but funded by the manufacturing †¢Builds bond between retailer and brand Q4 Objectives for 2008 †¢Broaden advertising incl online †¢Penetrating boomer demo (Buy hi-quality) †¢Lower ad budget if possible †¢Marketing many lines †¢Broaden full line penetration †¢More galleries †¢Reach consumers at critical decision points Q5 How might objectives be translated into budge? †¢Sales Increase oLast Year 75 M * 1.04% = $78000000 oSales person option $135000 (SALES) o5% of 78000000 = †¢3900000 †¢3675000 †¢225000 o1% = 780000 (AGENCY) †¢562000 †¢218000

Paulo Freire essay analysis about banking education Essays

Paulo Freire essay analysis about banking education Essays Paulo Freire essay analysis about banking education Paper Paulo Freire essay analysis about banking education Paper The High school life I experience d in Korea was extreme banking style. All we did in the class was to just sit and take notes on what teachers taught us. Everything was so restricted and made us only concentrate on cad mimic subjects. So I expected a big positive change in high school in terms of learning system whew n I was coming aboard. Unfortunately, there wasnt a big change. Teacher was still a dominant or in the class and we were just robot that simply listened to the information that teacher Provo deed for us and store it in our head. The only way of conveying the information was by listening, or roving presentation for us. Different from what I expected, the education in Niles We SST High School was still unprepossessing. First of all, When I came to high school in US, there was a clear change on am aunt Of communication that teacher and students go through in learning process. But , containers and receptacles relationship was still maintained where students simply asked quo session about lecture if they were not understanding some of the features. This type of interaction s not helpful because the only purpose is to redeposit what students have missed. Although h there was scenically more communications involved, Paulo Fire argues that there has to be a freedom during communication by saying, In this process, arguments based on auto ritzy are no longer valid; in order to function, authority must be on the side of freedom not again SST if (Fire, 80). Authority of teachers is not an exception for high school in US. It is already as sums that students are undeveloped human and teachers are those who always have answers of r students. Because of the assumptions that high school have, students tend to underestimate the IR knowledge and intelligence, and this is why oppression is correlated with banking education s yester. This oppression is functioning as a gate that blocks students from becoming a con couscous being which can think critically. Everything in high school becomes so routine as student TTS start to accept the assumption that school creates while students have no idea what this pro sees could do to them. To give a clear result Of ratification, Paulo comes up with consequence sees of this cycled life by saying, The capability of banking education to minimize or annul the SST dents creative ewer and to stimulate their credulity serves the interests of the oppressors, who care neither to have the world revealed nor to see it transformed(Fire, 73). By becoming a target of oppressors, students in US high school fails to transcend themselves and Simi ply stops at the level where teachers got up to. Despite of similarity between US and South Korea high school, there is one HTH Eng that distinct US high school from South Korea. In South Korea, people have extreme e black and white thought about students life in high school. That is, students will have to either choose studying or extracurricular activity. But, Teachers in South Korea high school always tee II students that the only way of succeeding in your life is by simply studying hard. So, majority of s dents spend the whole day just studying without any other activities involved. However, US high school was different. Students were still able to be part of both things and still maintain t heir grades. Students in US was more flexible about spending time. Instead of staying in the e classroom all the time, school provided us opportunities to go on a field trip. Field trip has to be a trip to somewhere that can be helpful for students perceiving the features that they earned during the class. For example, Students in our high school went to Museum of Science a ND Industry in Chicago for Mathematical Modeling class to actually see and analyze about the e topic that we are researching on. During field trip, students have freedom to go wherever we w ant and have communication with classmates about their research. Students kept asking q questions each other and tried to come up with answers to it. This is what critical thinking should b e where students ask each other without answer and tried to come up with the solution together where dialogue is involved. Although students experience what predisposing education during g field trip, the time they spend on this experience is too short to unlock themselves from pop oppression. When students return to the school, they go back to their own original routine and f ail to be conscious. Obstacle that disturb students from being conscious is segregation in US high school. One thing that I really liked about SIS high school was that the opportunities t hat school provided for me. If students get good GAP, they can get into honor society where they c an get more opportunities such as taking more advanced class, receiving information ABA UT scholarships and academic programs. It might seems that school is doing a good job in provide Eng best environment for students, but there is downside of this. By involving in a group p where only smart students go, they will feel very proud and honorable. However, this ho nor that school provides is rewards by oppressors which means that they reward students of r following the method that they created. This way of blocking students consciousness is call deed operant conditioning. Operant conditioning is method of learning that occurs through rewards and punishments for behavior, and the well known experiment of this is rat in the box with lever which condition the rat to press the lever by awarding them with food every it me they press it . It encourages the subject to associate desirable or undesirable outcomes with c retain behaviors. Basically, oppressors rewards students with honor so that students will press rev banking education without revolting. For those of who dont see the downside of bank Eng education might say oppressors are providing more opportunities and honors to those ho deserve it and helping students to grow, but Paulo argues that, Indeed, the interests of the oppressors lie in changing the consciousness of the oppressed, not the situation which oppress sees them, for the more easily they can be dominated(Fire, 74). Oppressors wants to avoid an y obstacles that oppresses them and simple way of doing this is to prevent students developing g into a conscious being. On the other side, students with bad grades are always pressurized by teachers to work hard on their grade. Teacher tell them to pay more attention to materials in CLC ass to get better grades. These students often get called out by the deans to talk about their g reads. Because of this, the conception of getting called out by deans automatically became you are trouble maker. This feeling of shame and expectation of teachers about grade functioned as punishment in operant conditioning and made students lock themselves into banking educate ion. Though there was segregation between students, they were all simply just targets of oppress sorts. In conclusion, compare to extreme ban king education in South Korea high SC wool, there was not that much difference in US high school. Teacher is still a narrator and dents are container where they simply just process the information that teacher provide sees. This kind of interaction made students life very routine, and they become very adapt able to the environment where no critical thinking is involved. There was still activity involve Veda where students were able to interact each other with constant questioning and critic al thinking. However, this was only small portion of time compared to the time students s Penn on banking education in high school. Another problem was segregation between student s. Those who worked hard to get good GAP was rewarded and those who didnt try hard WA punished.